# The freedom struggle **URL:** https://kashmirhope.com/c/freedom-struggle/13.md [Latest](https://kashmirhope.com/latest.md) · [Categories](https://kashmirhope.com/categories.md) · [Tags](https://kashmirhope.com/tags.md) --- ## [About the The freedom struggle category](https://kashmirhope.com/t/about-the-the-freedom-struggle-category/194)
**Author:** [@system](https://kashmirhope.com/u/system)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 3, 2026, 7:32pm UTC](https://kashmirhope.com/t/about-the-the-freedom-struggle-category/194 "2026-10-03T19:32:10Z")
The political struggle of Kashmiris to decide their own future, from the uprising of 1931 and the promise of a plebiscite to the mass movements of 1990, 2008, 2010 and 2016. --- ## [13 July 1931: the massacre at Srinagar Central Jail and Martyrs’ Day](https://kashmirhope.com/t/13-july-1931-the-massacre-at-srinagar-central-jail-and-martyrs-day/163)
**Author:** [@system](https://kashmirhope.com/u/system)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 3, 2026, 6:08pm UTC](https://kashmirhope.com/t/13-july-1931-the-massacre-at-srinagar-central-jail-and-martyrs-day/163 "2026-10-03T18:08:13Z")
13 July 1931 | Srinagar On 13 July 1931 the police of the Dogra maharaja Hari Singh fired 180 rounds into a crowd of Kashmiri Muslims at the Srinagar Central Jail and killed twenty-two of them, some, in the account hand… --- ## [The Glancy Commission and the road to responsible government](https://kashmirhope.com/t/the-glancy-commission-and-the-road-to-responsible-government/182)
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23 November 1931 | Former princely state After the maharaja’s police killed twenty-two people at the Srinagar Central Jail in July 1931 and months of shootings and public floggings followed, Hari Singh, under British pr… --- ## [Quit Kashmir, 1946: the people against the sale deed](https://kashmirhope.com/t/quit-kashmir-1946-the-people-against-the-sale-deed/185)
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May 1946 | Kashmir Valley In May 1946 Sheikh Abdullah’s National Conference told the Dogra dynasty to quit Kashmir, declaring that the Treaty of Amritsar of 1846 was a sale deed that gave the maharaja no right to rule a… --- ## [1947: accession, war and the division of Kashmir](https://kashmirhope.com/t/1947-accession-war-and-the-division-of-kashmir/184)
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1947 | Former princely state In 1947 the people of Jammu and Kashmir, who had been rising against Dogra rule since 1931, were divided without being asked. A revolt in Poonch, a raid by tribesmen organised from Pakistan … --- ## [The promised plebiscite: Kashmir at the United Nations](https://kashmirhope.com/t/the-promised-plebiscite-kashmir-at-the-united-nations/164)
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21 April 1948 | Former princely state In 1947 and for years afterwards India promised, in letters, broadcasts, parliament and the Security Council, that the people of Jammu and Kashmir would decide their own future by a… --- ## [The coup of August 1953 and the arrest of Sheikh Abdullah](https://kashmirhope.com/t/the-coup-of-august-1953-and-the-arrest-of-sheikh-abdullah/186)
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August 1953 | Kashmir Valley On the night of 8 to 9 August 1953 Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, the elected prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir, who had begun to speak of a free choice for Kashmiris, was dismissed without a v… --- ## [Maqbool Bhat: a life for independence and a grave in Tihar](https://kashmirhope.com/t/maqbool-bhat-a-life-for-independence-and-a-grave-in-tihar/190)
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11 February 1984 | New Delhi and Kashmir Maqbool Bhat, who founded the movement for a Jammu and Kashmir independent of both India and Pakistan, was imprisoned by both states and hanged by India in Tihar Jail on 11 Febru… --- ## [The rigged election of 1987 and the closing of the ballot](https://kashmirhope.com/t/the-rigged-election-of-1987-and-the-closing-of-the-ballot/165)
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1987 | Jammu and Kashmir In March 1987 a new opposition alliance, the Muslim United Front, contested the assembly election in Indian-occupied Kashmir with mass support in the Valley, and the count was falsified to hand … --- ## [The uprising of 1989 and 1990 and the armed struggle](https://kashmirhope.com/t/the-uprising-of-1989-and-1990-and-the-armed-struggle/189)
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1989 onward | Jammu and Kashmir After the rigged election of 1987 young Kashmiris took up arms for independence, and in the winter of 1990 the Valley rose in mass unarmed marches for azadi, carrying their demands to the… --- ## [Jagmohan’s return and the imposition of Governor’s Rule](https://kashmirhope.com/t/jagmohan-s-return-and-the-imposition-of-governor-s-rule/146)
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19 January 1990 | Jammu and Kashmir On 19 January 1990 New Delhi sent Jagmohan back to govern Kashmir, the elected chief minister resigned rather than serve under him, and the state passed under the direct rule of a gov… --- ## [The secret hanging of Afzal Guru](https://kashmirhope.com/t/the-secret-hanging-of-afzal-guru/187)
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9 February 2013 | New Delhi and Kashmir Mohammad Afzal Guru, a former fighter from Sopore who had surrendered and lived under the eye of the police Special Task Force, was convicted of conspiracy in the attack on India’… --- ## [Syed Ali Shah Geelani: a life in resistance and a burial at night](https://kashmirhope.com/t/syed-ali-shah-geelani-a-life-in-resistance-and-a-burial-at-night/188)
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1 September 2021 | Kashmir Valley Syed Ali Shah Geelani, for decades the most prominent leader of resistance to Indian rule in Kashmir, died on the night of 1 September 2021 in the Srinagar house where India had confine…